Effect of Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) Scarification on Seed Dormancy Breaking and Germination of Soursop (Annona muricata L.)
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a tropical fruit plant with high economic value; however, its cultivation is limited by seed dormancy, which delays germination. This study aimed to determine the most effective sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) concentration for breaking seed dormancy and improving seed viability of soursop. The experiment was conducted at the Greenhouse and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Riau, and implemented using a completely randomized design with four treatments: 0% (control), 70%, 75%, and 80% H2SO4 concentration. Each treatment was repeated five times. A total of 20 experimental units were obtained, each consisting of 25 seeds, for a total of 500 seeds used in the experiment. The results indicated that sulfuric acid treatment significantly affected most germination parameters. Seeds soaked in a 75% sulfuric acid solution exhibited the fastest germination time (28.40 Day After Planting), the highest germination percentage (88.80 %), and the strongest seed vigor (5.55%). These findings suggest that chemical scarification with 75% H₂SO₄ for 30 minutes can serve as a practical and efficient pre-sowing treatment to improve seedling establishment in soursop propagation.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Wahyudi, E., Hutabarat, M., Zuhry, E., Apriliani, E., Rakhmad, D., Nurbaiti, N., Hamzah, A., Gunawan, C., & Yunandra, Y. (2026). Effect of Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) Scarification on Seed Dormancy Breaking and Germination of Soursop (Annona muricata L.). Agroteknika, 9(2), 253-272. https://doi.org/10.55043/agroteknika.v9i2.668
References
Al-Hadedy, S. H. A., Basheer, S. A., Idrees, M. S., & Al-Taee, K. A. Y. (2024). Sulfuric Acid And Hot Water Treatment Effects On The Seed Germination And Growth Traits Of Sesbania Punicea L. Sabrao Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 56(1), 444-452. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.1.40
Azahra, T., Suharto, E., & N. P. B. A. (2022). Pengaruh Lama Peredaman H2SO4 dan Ukuran Biji Terhadap Perkecambahan Biji Tembesu (Fagraea fragran Roxb.). Journal of Global Forest and Environmental Science, 2(3), 2809 – 9346. https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/jhutanlingkungan/article/view/25717
Bachtiar, B. (2017). Pengaruh Skarifikasi Dan Pemberian Hormon Tumbuh Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih ArenArenga pinnataMerr. di Persemaian. Jurnal Ilmu Alam Dan Lingkungan, 8(2), 37 – 44. https://doi.org/10.20956/jal.v8i16.2988
Carrera-Castaño, G., Calleja-Cabrera, J., Pernas, M., Gómez, L., & Oñate-Sánchez, L. (2020). An updated overview on the regulation of seed germination. In Plants, 9(6), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060703
Cheraghi, M., Mousavi, S. M., & Zarebanadkouki, M. (2023). Functions of rhizosheath on facilitating the uptake of water and nutrients under drought stress: A review. In Plant and Soil, 491(1–2), 239–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06126-z
Dai, L., Chen, Y., & Wei, X. (2023). Hard Seed Characteristics and Seed Vigor of Ormosia hosiei. Agriculture (Switzerland), 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051077
Ebone, L. A., Caverzan, A., Tagliari, A., Chiomento, J. L. T., Silveira, D. C., & Chavarria, G. (2020). Soybean seed vigor: Uniformity and growth as key factors to improve yield. Agronomy, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040545
Elfianis, R., Putri, N., & Zam, S. I. (2023). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Dan Lama Perendaman Asam Sulfat Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Delima Merah (Punica granatum L.). Jurnal Agroteknologi, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.24014/ja.v14i1.17481
Espitia-Flores, C. B., Cruz-Gutiérrez, E. J., Pichardo-González, J. M., Ramírez-Vega, H., & Gómez-Rodríguez, V. M. (2023). Physical and physiological indicators of the quality of soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.). Agro Productividad. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v16i9.2652
Firmansyah, R., Nazimah, N., Rafli, M., Safrizal, S., & Faisal, F. (2022). Respon Perkecambahan Benih Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabika L.) Pada Beberapa Konsentrasi dan Lama Perendaman Telur Keong Mas (Pomacea Canaliculata L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Agroekoteknologi, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.29103/jimatek.v1i2.8464
Giller, K. E., Hijbeek, R., Andersson, J. A., & Sumberg, J. (2021). Regenerative Agriculture: An agronomic perspective. Outlook on Agriculture, 50(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727021998063
Hidayat, T. R. S., & Ridhawati, A. (2020). The Vigor and Viability Seed Testing of Three Tobacco Varieties on Various Seed Germination Media. Agrotech Journal, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.31327/atj.v5i1.1210
Ievinsh, G. (2023). Water Content of Plant Tissues: So Simple That Almost Forgotten? In Plants 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061238
Ilyas, S. (2012). Ilmu dan teknologi benih: Teori dan hasil penelitian. PT Penerbit IPB Press. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/81125?show=full
Iswara, I., Ermawati, E., Ramadiana, S., & Pramono, E. (2024). Respon Viabilitas Benih Kedelai (Glycine Max L.) Varietas Dega-I Terhadap Berbagai Proporsi Kapur Tohor Selama Penyimpanan Empat Bulan. Jurnal Agrotek Tropika, 12(2), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.23960/jat.v12i2.8946
Indriana, K. R. (2017). Pengaruh Waktu Penyimpanan Benih Dan Konsentrasi Larutan Asam Sulfat Terhadap Viabilitas Dan Vigor Benih Jarak (Jatropha curcas Linn) Di Persemaian. Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v4i2.27
Khalil, K., & Suleman, Y. (2019). Scarification in Acetic Acid, Hot Water, and Cold Sand Stratification to Improve Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Seed Germination. Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 19(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.19.1.13
Latue, P. C., Rampe, H. L., & Rumondor, M. (2019). Uji Pematahan Dormansi Menggunakan Asam Sulfat Berdasarkan Viabilitas Dan Vigor Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). Jurnal Ilmiah Sains, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.19.1.2019.21990
Leal, F., & Paull, R. E. (2023, March 1). The soursop (Annona muricata): Botany, horticulture, and utilization. Horticultural Review, 63 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20894
Lestari, D., Linda, R., & Mukarlina. (2016). Pematahan Dormansi dan Perkecambahan Biji Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabika L.) dengan Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) dan Giberelin (GA3). Protobiont, 5(1), 8 – 13. https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/14789
Mimi, C. O., Sousa, M. C., Corrêa, P. L. C., De-la-Cruz-Chacón, I., Boaro, C. S. F., & Ferreira, G. (2023). Impact of GA3 on Sugar and Lipid Degradation during Annona x atemoya Mabb. Seed Germination. Horticulturae, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030388
Muhammad, A., Bismar, T., & FS, H. (2020). Study of Ms Media With Addition Of Auxins And Cytokinin on Growth and Development of Arr (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) Culture. Jurnal Online Pertanian Tropik, 7(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v7i1.3790
Muñoz-Llandes, C. B., Martínez-Villaluenga, C., Palma-Rodríguez, H. M., Román-Gutiérrez, A. D., Castro-Rosas, J., & Guzmán-Ortiz, F. A. (2023). Effect of Germination on Starch. Starch: Advances in Modifications, Technologies and Applications, 457 - 486. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35843-2_19
Najorda, D. J. A., & Rosales, R. J. G. (2019). Priming Methods: Alternative Strategy to Improve Seed and Seedling Performance of Soursop (Annona Muricata). Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, 4(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2019/v4i230014
Namserna, H. J., Lindongi, L. E., Suparno, A., Tan, T., & Budiyanto, Y. S. (2023). Pengaruh Kalium Nitrat Pada Vermikompos Terhadap Kandungan Hara Jaringan dan Hasil Selada (Lactuca sativa L.). Agrotek, 10(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368681392_Pengaruh_Kalium_Nitrat_Pada_Vermikompos_Terhadap_Kandungan_Hara_Jaringan_dan_Hasil_Selada_Lactuca_sativa_L
Nonogaki, H. (2019). Seed germination and dormancy: The classic story, new puzzles, and evolution. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 61(5), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12762
Nurhaliza, A., Priyadi, R., & Sunarya, Y. (2023). Pengaruh Berbagai Cara Pemecahan Dormansi Benih Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica L .) terhadap Perkecambahan. Journal of Agrotechnology and Crop Science. 1(1), 35–43. https://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/jacrops/article/view/2783/1648
Okoli, N. A., Obiefuna, J. C., Ibeawuchi, I. I., Alagba, R. A., & Emma-Okafor, L. C. (2020). Emergence, transplant vigor, stand establishment and juvenile growth of soursop (Annona muricata L.) seedlings as affected by seed weight and nursery media. Acta Horticulturae, 1273. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1273.45
Penfield, S. (2017). Seed dormancy and germination. In Current Biology, 27(17). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050
Pompelli, M. F., Jarma-Orozco, A., & Rodriguez-Páez, L. A. (2023). Imbibition and Germination of Seeds with Economic and Ecological Interest: Physical and Biochemical Factors Involved. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065394
Poorter, H., Niinemets, Ü., Ntagkas, N., Siebenkäs, A., Mäenpää, M., Matsubara, S., & Pons, T. L. (2019). A meta-analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance. In New Phytologist, 223(3), 1073-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15754
Pratiwi, A., & Nafira, A. F. (2021). Pengaruh Frekuensi Penyiraman Terhadap Pertumbuhan Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Konservasi Hayati, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.33369/hayati.v17i2.15034
Rahayu, A. D., & Suharsi, T. K. (2015). Pengamatan Uji Daya Berkecambah dan Optimalisasi Substrat Perkecambahan Benih Kecipir [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. (DC)]. Buletin Agrohorti, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29244/agrob.v3i1.14821
Ramadhani, S., Haryati, & Ginting, J. (2015). Pengaruh Perlakuan Pematahan Dormansi Secara Kimia Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Delima (Punica Granatum L.). Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 3(2), 590 – 594. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/104160-ID-pengaruh-perlakuan-pematahan-dormansi-se.pdf
Ranmeechai, N., Lacap, A. T., Tacan, M. I. A., & Bayogan, E. R. V. (2022). Seed Germination and Vigor of Four Philippine Rice Varieties as Influenced by Hydropriming and Storage at Various Durations. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(2), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.02.18 https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/seed_germination_and_vigor_of_four_Philippine_rice_varieties_.pdf
Reed, R. C., Bradford, K. J., & Khanday, I. (2022). Seed germination and vigor: ensuring crop sustainability in a changing climate. Heredity, 128(6). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00497-2
Ribeiro, M. I., Rodrigues, G. A. G., Mathias, G. L., Silva, S. M., Corsato, J. M., & Fortes, A. M. T. (2020). Effect of seed coat rupture on the germination of Mimosa flocculosa Burkart (Leguminosae) seeds. Hoehnea, 47. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-07/2020
Sanusi, M. S., Sunmonu, M. O., Alaka, A., Raji, A. O., Abdulazeez, A., Joshua, V. A., & Adeyemi, I. A. (2023). Physicochemical, antioxidant and microbial properties of sweetened yoghurt produced from partial substitution of sugar with soursop puree. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-022-00126-9
Sari, P., Intara, Y. I., & Nazari, A. P. D. (2019). Pengaruh Jumlah Daun Dan Konsentrasi Rootone-F Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Jeruk Nipis Lemon (Citrus Limon L.) Asal Stek Pucuk. Ziraa’ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i3.2132
Satya, I. I., Haryati, & Simanungkalit, T. (2015). Pengaruh Perendaman Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) terhadap Viabilitas Benih Delima (Punica granatum L.). Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi, 3(4), 1375–1380. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/106072-ID-pengaruh-perendaman-asam-sulfat-h2so4-te.pdf
Setiawan, A. N., Vistiadi, K., & Sarjiyah, S. (2021). Perbaikan Perkecambahan Dan Pertumbuhan Bawang Merah Dengan Perendaman Benih Dalam Giberelin. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 21(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v21i1.1965
Shara, D., Izzati, M., & Prihastanti, E. (2014). Perkecambahan Biji dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Batang Bawah Karet (Havea Brasiliensis Muell Arg.) dari Klon dan Media yang Berbeda. Jurnal Akademik Biologi, 3(3), 60 – 74. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/biologi/article/view/19461
Sipahutar, A., Adelina, R., & Harahap, S. W. (2023). Pengaruh Perendaman Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Sirsak (Annona muricata L ). Jurnal Agrium, 20(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.29103/agrium.v20i3.12837
Sitorus, E., Panataria, L. R., Manik, A. M., Saragih, M. K., & Simanjuntak, C. (2025). Efforts to Accelerate the Breaking of Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) Seed Dormancy with Different Concentrations of H2SO4 and Giberellin. Indonesian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Analytics, 4(2), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijaea.v4i2.14208 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394266388_Efforts_to_Accelerate_the_Breaking_of_Soursop_Annona_Muricata_L_Seed_Dormancy_with_Different_Concentrations_of_H2SO4_and_Giberellin
Sofi, P. A., Djanaguiraman, M., Siddique, K. H. M., & Prasad, P. V. V. (2018). Reproductive fitness in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress is associated with root length and volume. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 23(4), 796-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-018-0429-x
Suyatmi, Hastuti, E. D., & Darmanti, S. (2011). Pengaruh Lama Perendaman dan Konsentrasi Asam Sulfat ( H 2 SO 4 ) terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Jati ( Tectona grandis Linn . f ). 28 – 36. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/60664-ID-pengaruh-lama-perendaman-dan-konsentrasi.pdf
Tambunsaribu, D. W., Anwar, S., & Lukiwati, D. R. (2017). Viabilitas benih dan pertumbuhan bibit kakao (Theobroma cacao L) pada beberapa jenis media simpan dan tingkat kelembaban. Journal of Agro Complex, 1(3), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.14710/joac.1.3.135-142
Tanjung, S. A., Lahay, R. R., & Mariati. (2017). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Dan Lama Perendaman Asam Sulfat Terhadap Perkecambahan Biji Aren ( Arenga pinnata Merr. ). Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 5(2), 396 – 408. https://talenta.usu.ac.id/joa/article/view/2572
Tumpa, K., Vidaković, A., Drvodelić, D., Šango, M., Idžojtić, M., Perković, I., & Poljak, I. (2021). The effect of seed size on germination and seedling growth in sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.). Forests, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070858
Utami, S., Panjaitan, S. B., & Musthofhah, Y. (2020). Pematahan Dormansi Biji Sirsak dengan berbagai Konsentrasi Asam Sulfat dan Lama Perendaman Giberelin. Agrium, 23(1), 42–45. https://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/agrium/article/view/5658
Wang, A. Y., Peng, Y. Q., Harder, L. D., Huang, J. F., Yang, D. R., Zhang, D. Y., & Liao, W. J. (2019). The nature of interspecific interactions and co-diversification patterns, as illustrated by the fig microcosm. New Phytologist, 224(3), 1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16176
Wen, J., Okyere, S. K., Wang, J., Huang, R., Wang, Y., Liu, L., ..., & Hu, Y. (2023). Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ageratina adenophora Exhibits Potential Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Plants, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030650
Widajati, E., Murniati, E., Palupi, E. R., Kartika, T., Suhartanto, M. R., & Qadir , A. (2013). Dasar ilmu dan teknologi benih. PT Penerbit IPB Press. https://elibrary.ub.ac.id/read/50510?fr=desktop
Yudianto, A. A., Fajriani, S., & Aini, N. (2015). Pengaruh Jarak Tanam dan Frekuensi Pembumbunan terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L.). Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 3(3), 172 – 181. https://protan.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/protan/article/view/182
Zainal, M., Nugroho, A., & Suminarti, N. F. (2014). Respon Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) pada berbagai tingkat pemupukan N dan pupuk kandang ayam. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 2(6), 484-490. https://protan.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/protan/article/view/134
Zanzibar, M. (2017). The Type of Dormancy and Pre Treatment for Breaking Dormancy of Balsa (Ochroma bicolor ROWLEE) Seed. Jurnal Perbenihan Tanaman Hutan, 5(1), 51–60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354460494_The_Type_of_Dormancy_and_Pre_Treatment_for_Breaking_Dormancy_of_Balsa_Ochroma_bicolor_ROWLEE_Seed
Zutah, V. T., Sarkodie-Addo, J., Tuffour, H. O., & Tandoh, P. K. (2024). Analyses of Climate Variability and Trends in the Oil Palm Belt of Ghana. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 46(2). https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22311
Azahra, T., Suharto, E., & N. P. B. A. (2022). Pengaruh Lama Peredaman H2SO4 dan Ukuran Biji Terhadap Perkecambahan Biji Tembesu (Fagraea fragran Roxb.). Journal of Global Forest and Environmental Science, 2(3), 2809 – 9346. https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/jhutanlingkungan/article/view/25717
Bachtiar, B. (2017). Pengaruh Skarifikasi Dan Pemberian Hormon Tumbuh Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih ArenArenga pinnataMerr. di Persemaian. Jurnal Ilmu Alam Dan Lingkungan, 8(2), 37 – 44. https://doi.org/10.20956/jal.v8i16.2988
Carrera-Castaño, G., Calleja-Cabrera, J., Pernas, M., Gómez, L., & Oñate-Sánchez, L. (2020). An updated overview on the regulation of seed germination. In Plants, 9(6), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060703
Cheraghi, M., Mousavi, S. M., & Zarebanadkouki, M. (2023). Functions of rhizosheath on facilitating the uptake of water and nutrients under drought stress: A review. In Plant and Soil, 491(1–2), 239–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06126-z
Dai, L., Chen, Y., & Wei, X. (2023). Hard Seed Characteristics and Seed Vigor of Ormosia hosiei. Agriculture (Switzerland), 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051077
Ebone, L. A., Caverzan, A., Tagliari, A., Chiomento, J. L. T., Silveira, D. C., & Chavarria, G. (2020). Soybean seed vigor: Uniformity and growth as key factors to improve yield. Agronomy, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040545
Elfianis, R., Putri, N., & Zam, S. I. (2023). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Dan Lama Perendaman Asam Sulfat Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Delima Merah (Punica granatum L.). Jurnal Agroteknologi, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.24014/ja.v14i1.17481
Espitia-Flores, C. B., Cruz-Gutiérrez, E. J., Pichardo-González, J. M., Ramírez-Vega, H., & Gómez-Rodríguez, V. M. (2023). Physical and physiological indicators of the quality of soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.). Agro Productividad. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v16i9.2652
Firmansyah, R., Nazimah, N., Rafli, M., Safrizal, S., & Faisal, F. (2022). Respon Perkecambahan Benih Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabika L.) Pada Beberapa Konsentrasi dan Lama Perendaman Telur Keong Mas (Pomacea Canaliculata L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Agroekoteknologi, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.29103/jimatek.v1i2.8464
Giller, K. E., Hijbeek, R., Andersson, J. A., & Sumberg, J. (2021). Regenerative Agriculture: An agronomic perspective. Outlook on Agriculture, 50(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727021998063
Hidayat, T. R. S., & Ridhawati, A. (2020). The Vigor and Viability Seed Testing of Three Tobacco Varieties on Various Seed Germination Media. Agrotech Journal, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.31327/atj.v5i1.1210
Ievinsh, G. (2023). Water Content of Plant Tissues: So Simple That Almost Forgotten? In Plants 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061238
Ilyas, S. (2012). Ilmu dan teknologi benih: Teori dan hasil penelitian. PT Penerbit IPB Press. https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/81125?show=full
Iswara, I., Ermawati, E., Ramadiana, S., & Pramono, E. (2024). Respon Viabilitas Benih Kedelai (Glycine Max L.) Varietas Dega-I Terhadap Berbagai Proporsi Kapur Tohor Selama Penyimpanan Empat Bulan. Jurnal Agrotek Tropika, 12(2), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.23960/jat.v12i2.8946
Indriana, K. R. (2017). Pengaruh Waktu Penyimpanan Benih Dan Konsentrasi Larutan Asam Sulfat Terhadap Viabilitas Dan Vigor Benih Jarak (Jatropha curcas Linn) Di Persemaian. Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v4i2.27
Khalil, K., & Suleman, Y. (2019). Scarification in Acetic Acid, Hot Water, and Cold Sand Stratification to Improve Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Seed Germination. Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 19(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.19.1.13
Latue, P. C., Rampe, H. L., & Rumondor, M. (2019). Uji Pematahan Dormansi Menggunakan Asam Sulfat Berdasarkan Viabilitas Dan Vigor Benih Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). Jurnal Ilmiah Sains, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/jis.19.1.2019.21990
Leal, F., & Paull, R. E. (2023, March 1). The soursop (Annona muricata): Botany, horticulture, and utilization. Horticultural Review, 63 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20894
Lestari, D., Linda, R., & Mukarlina. (2016). Pematahan Dormansi dan Perkecambahan Biji Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabika L.) dengan Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) dan Giberelin (GA3). Protobiont, 5(1), 8 – 13. https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jprb/article/view/14789
Mimi, C. O., Sousa, M. C., Corrêa, P. L. C., De-la-Cruz-Chacón, I., Boaro, C. S. F., & Ferreira, G. (2023). Impact of GA3 on Sugar and Lipid Degradation during Annona x atemoya Mabb. Seed Germination. Horticulturae, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030388
Muhammad, A., Bismar, T., & FS, H. (2020). Study of Ms Media With Addition Of Auxins And Cytokinin on Growth and Development of Arr (Arenga Pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) Culture. Jurnal Online Pertanian Tropik, 7(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v7i1.3790
Muñoz-Llandes, C. B., Martínez-Villaluenga, C., Palma-Rodríguez, H. M., Román-Gutiérrez, A. D., Castro-Rosas, J., & Guzmán-Ortiz, F. A. (2023). Effect of Germination on Starch. Starch: Advances in Modifications, Technologies and Applications, 457 - 486. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35843-2_19
Najorda, D. J. A., & Rosales, R. J. G. (2019). Priming Methods: Alternative Strategy to Improve Seed and Seedling Performance of Soursop (Annona Muricata). Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, 4(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2019/v4i230014
Namserna, H. J., Lindongi, L. E., Suparno, A., Tan, T., & Budiyanto, Y. S. (2023). Pengaruh Kalium Nitrat Pada Vermikompos Terhadap Kandungan Hara Jaringan dan Hasil Selada (Lactuca sativa L.). Agrotek, 10(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368681392_Pengaruh_Kalium_Nitrat_Pada_Vermikompos_Terhadap_Kandungan_Hara_Jaringan_dan_Hasil_Selada_Lactuca_sativa_L
Nonogaki, H. (2019). Seed germination and dormancy: The classic story, new puzzles, and evolution. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 61(5), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12762
Nurhaliza, A., Priyadi, R., & Sunarya, Y. (2023). Pengaruh Berbagai Cara Pemecahan Dormansi Benih Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica L .) terhadap Perkecambahan. Journal of Agrotechnology and Crop Science. 1(1), 35–43. https://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/jacrops/article/view/2783/1648
Okoli, N. A., Obiefuna, J. C., Ibeawuchi, I. I., Alagba, R. A., & Emma-Okafor, L. C. (2020). Emergence, transplant vigor, stand establishment and juvenile growth of soursop (Annona muricata L.) seedlings as affected by seed weight and nursery media. Acta Horticulturae, 1273. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1273.45
Penfield, S. (2017). Seed dormancy and germination. In Current Biology, 27(17). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.050
Pompelli, M. F., Jarma-Orozco, A., & Rodriguez-Páez, L. A. (2023). Imbibition and Germination of Seeds with Economic and Ecological Interest: Physical and Biochemical Factors Involved. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065394
Poorter, H., Niinemets, Ü., Ntagkas, N., Siebenkäs, A., Mäenpää, M., Matsubara, S., & Pons, T. L. (2019). A meta-analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance. In New Phytologist, 223(3), 1073-1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15754
Pratiwi, A., & Nafira, A. F. (2021). Pengaruh Frekuensi Penyiraman Terhadap Pertumbuhan Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Konservasi Hayati, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.33369/hayati.v17i2.15034
Rahayu, A. D., & Suharsi, T. K. (2015). Pengamatan Uji Daya Berkecambah dan Optimalisasi Substrat Perkecambahan Benih Kecipir [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. (DC)]. Buletin Agrohorti, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29244/agrob.v3i1.14821
Ramadhani, S., Haryati, & Ginting, J. (2015). Pengaruh Perlakuan Pematahan Dormansi Secara Kimia Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Delima (Punica Granatum L.). Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 3(2), 590 – 594. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/104160-ID-pengaruh-perlakuan-pematahan-dormansi-se.pdf
Ranmeechai, N., Lacap, A. T., Tacan, M. I. A., & Bayogan, E. R. V. (2022). Seed Germination and Vigor of Four Philippine Rice Varieties as Influenced by Hydropriming and Storage at Various Durations. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(2), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.56899/151.02.18 https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/seed_germination_and_vigor_of_four_Philippine_rice_varieties_.pdf
Reed, R. C., Bradford, K. J., & Khanday, I. (2022). Seed germination and vigor: ensuring crop sustainability in a changing climate. Heredity, 128(6). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00497-2
Ribeiro, M. I., Rodrigues, G. A. G., Mathias, G. L., Silva, S. M., Corsato, J. M., & Fortes, A. M. T. (2020). Effect of seed coat rupture on the germination of Mimosa flocculosa Burkart (Leguminosae) seeds. Hoehnea, 47. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-07/2020
Sanusi, M. S., Sunmonu, M. O., Alaka, A., Raji, A. O., Abdulazeez, A., Joshua, V. A., & Adeyemi, I. A. (2023). Physicochemical, antioxidant and microbial properties of sweetened yoghurt produced from partial substitution of sugar with soursop puree. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-022-00126-9
Sari, P., Intara, Y. I., & Nazari, A. P. D. (2019). Pengaruh Jumlah Daun Dan Konsentrasi Rootone-F Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Jeruk Nipis Lemon (Citrus Limon L.) Asal Stek Pucuk. Ziraa’ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i3.2132
Satya, I. I., Haryati, & Simanungkalit, T. (2015). Pengaruh Perendaman Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) terhadap Viabilitas Benih Delima (Punica granatum L.). Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi, 3(4), 1375–1380. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/106072-ID-pengaruh-perendaman-asam-sulfat-h2so4-te.pdf
Setiawan, A. N., Vistiadi, K., & Sarjiyah, S. (2021). Perbaikan Perkecambahan Dan Pertumbuhan Bawang Merah Dengan Perendaman Benih Dalam Giberelin. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 21(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v21i1.1965
Shara, D., Izzati, M., & Prihastanti, E. (2014). Perkecambahan Biji dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Batang Bawah Karet (Havea Brasiliensis Muell Arg.) dari Klon dan Media yang Berbeda. Jurnal Akademik Biologi, 3(3), 60 – 74. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/biologi/article/view/19461
Sipahutar, A., Adelina, R., & Harahap, S. W. (2023). Pengaruh Perendaman Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) Terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Sirsak (Annona muricata L ). Jurnal Agrium, 20(3), 204. https://doi.org/10.29103/agrium.v20i3.12837
Sitorus, E., Panataria, L. R., Manik, A. M., Saragih, M. K., & Simanjuntak, C. (2025). Efforts to Accelerate the Breaking of Soursop (Annona Muricata L.) Seed Dormancy with Different Concentrations of H2SO4 and Giberellin. Indonesian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Analytics, 4(2), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijaea.v4i2.14208 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394266388_Efforts_to_Accelerate_the_Breaking_of_Soursop_Annona_Muricata_L_Seed_Dormancy_with_Different_Concentrations_of_H2SO4_and_Giberellin
Sofi, P. A., Djanaguiraman, M., Siddique, K. H. M., & Prasad, P. V. V. (2018). Reproductive fitness in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under drought stress is associated with root length and volume. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 23(4), 796-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-018-0429-x
Suyatmi, Hastuti, E. D., & Darmanti, S. (2011). Pengaruh Lama Perendaman dan Konsentrasi Asam Sulfat ( H 2 SO 4 ) terhadap Perkecambahan Benih Jati ( Tectona grandis Linn . f ). 28 – 36. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/60664-ID-pengaruh-lama-perendaman-dan-konsentrasi.pdf
Tambunsaribu, D. W., Anwar, S., & Lukiwati, D. R. (2017). Viabilitas benih dan pertumbuhan bibit kakao (Theobroma cacao L) pada beberapa jenis media simpan dan tingkat kelembaban. Journal of Agro Complex, 1(3), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.14710/joac.1.3.135-142
Tanjung, S. A., Lahay, R. R., & Mariati. (2017). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Dan Lama Perendaman Asam Sulfat Terhadap Perkecambahan Biji Aren ( Arenga pinnata Merr. ). Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 5(2), 396 – 408. https://talenta.usu.ac.id/joa/article/view/2572
Tumpa, K., Vidaković, A., Drvodelić, D., Šango, M., Idžojtić, M., Perković, I., & Poljak, I. (2021). The effect of seed size on germination and seedling growth in sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.). Forests, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070858
Utami, S., Panjaitan, S. B., & Musthofhah, Y. (2020). Pematahan Dormansi Biji Sirsak dengan berbagai Konsentrasi Asam Sulfat dan Lama Perendaman Giberelin. Agrium, 23(1), 42–45. https://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/agrium/article/view/5658
Wang, A. Y., Peng, Y. Q., Harder, L. D., Huang, J. F., Yang, D. R., Zhang, D. Y., & Liao, W. J. (2019). The nature of interspecific interactions and co-diversification patterns, as illustrated by the fig microcosm. New Phytologist, 224(3), 1304–1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16176
Wen, J., Okyere, S. K., Wang, J., Huang, R., Wang, Y., Liu, L., ..., & Hu, Y. (2023). Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ageratina adenophora Exhibits Potential Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Plants, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030650
Widajati, E., Murniati, E., Palupi, E. R., Kartika, T., Suhartanto, M. R., & Qadir , A. (2013). Dasar ilmu dan teknologi benih. PT Penerbit IPB Press. https://elibrary.ub.ac.id/read/50510?fr=desktop
Yudianto, A. A., Fajriani, S., & Aini, N. (2015). Pengaruh Jarak Tanam dan Frekuensi Pembumbunan terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Garut (Marantha arundinaceae L.). Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 3(3), 172 – 181. https://protan.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/protan/article/view/182
Zainal, M., Nugroho, A., & Suminarti, N. F. (2014). Respon Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) pada berbagai tingkat pemupukan N dan pupuk kandang ayam. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 2(6), 484-490. https://protan.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/protan/article/view/134
Zanzibar, M. (2017). The Type of Dormancy and Pre Treatment for Breaking Dormancy of Balsa (Ochroma bicolor ROWLEE) Seed. Jurnal Perbenihan Tanaman Hutan, 5(1), 51–60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354460494_The_Type_of_Dormancy_and_Pre_Treatment_for_Breaking_Dormancy_of_Balsa_Ochroma_bicolor_ROWLEE_Seed
Zutah, V. T., Sarkodie-Addo, J., Tuffour, H. O., & Tandoh, P. K. (2024). Analyses of Climate Variability and Trends in the Oil Palm Belt of Ghana. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 46(2). https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i22311